Germany

Hello everyone, I am going to make a quick presentation of Carl Friedrich Gauss, but before that let's talk about his country. Here are some pictures of Germany that will tell you all you need to know about it.

Frankfurt at night

Bavaria Castle

The Brandenburg gate, Berlin

Hesse, a German Lander

Germany is also famous for it's Beer Festival which
takes places every year in Munich

Germany is amazing and beautiful, isn't it ?

Now let's see who Carl Friedrich Gauss was. Carl Friedrich Gauss (30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a famous German mathematician. He contributed to many fields such as number theory, statistics, geophysics, astronomy and many more. He was called "the Prince of Mathematicians" (Princeps mathematicorum in Latin). Gauss was a child prodigy, there are many anecdotes about his childhood, however whether they are real or not is still a question. You can find different versions of these anecdotes, and sometimes think they are exaggerated. His potential was noticed when he entered elemantary school. He was asked by his teacher to find the sum of all the numbers between 0 and 100. Gauss was the first one and only one who answered correctly. The answer was 5050 He noticed that there were 50 pairs of numbers, each pair summing 101. (1+100+2+99+3+98....50+51, 50*101=5050) He wrote his greatest work Arithmetical Investigation (Disquisitiones Arithmeticae) when he was 21. Gauss was a hard-worker and perfectionist, he didn't publish anything unless he considered it to be complete. Historians declare that if he had published all his discoveries he would have advanced Mathematics by 50 years. Gauss didn't let any of his children enter mathematics since he feared they would lower the family name. It is also said that when he was told that his wife was dying he said that she had to wait till he finishes his work. There are so many things to say about Gauss but like I said I am just doing a small biography. If you find him interesting and would like to know more about him, Google is your friend.That's it, hope you enjoyed.

VELKOMMEN TIL DANMARK

  

Denmark
officially the Kingdom of Denmark  is a sovereign state in Northern Europe, with two additional overseas constituent countries also forming integral parts of the kingdom; the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. Continental Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden, with which it is connected by the Øresund Bridge, and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland, and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.

Kom lad os vide mere om mit land !

Here, some facts about "Denmark"! 



As soon as having the curiosity  to know more about Denmark you people might have many question popping in your minds ......

• How many Danes live in Denmark?
• What is the capital of Denmark?
• Does Denmark have the Euro or the Krone?
• Find out the answers and more quick facts about Denmark and the Danes.

well.. then here we go..

• Population 5,584,758 (2012)
  

• Area 43,098 square kilometres
  Population density 
  126.4 per square kilometre
  Geographic region
   Scandinavia

• Capital
  Copenhagen 1,213,822 (2012)
  Other major cities 
  Aarhus 252,213 , Odense 168,798, Aalborg 126,556 (2012)

• Form of state 
  Monarchy
  

• Head of state 
  Queen Margrethe II (since 14 January 1972) 
• Language 
  Danish

• Religion
  90% Protestant

• Currency
  Danish Kroner.

Denmark has a large fishing industry, and possesses a merchant fleet of considerable size. The manufacturing sector's main areas of activity include food products, chemicals, machinery, metal products, electronic and transport equipment, beer and paper and wood products. Tourism is also an important economic activity.

When it comes to food no need to say.... their most favorite dishes and special items are

roast pork

boiled or sugar browned potatoes

boiled red cabbage"

(open sandwich)smørrebrød

  

Now, I am Going To Present a Mathematician  From "Denmark"\

Jakob Nielsen (15 October 1890, Mjels, Als – 3August 1959, Helsingør) was a Danish mathematician known for his work on automorphisms of surfaces. He was born in the village "Mjels" on the island of Als in North Schleswig.

His mother died when he was 3,  

• In  1900 he went to live with his aunt and was enrolled in the "Realgymnasium". 

• In 1907 he was expelled for membership to an illicit student club. Nevertheless, he matriculated at the University of Kiel in 1908.
• Nielsen completed his doctoral dissertation in 1913. Soon thereafter, he was drafted into the German Imperial Navy. He was assigned to coastal defense. In 1915 he was sent to Constantinople as a military adviser to the Turkish Government. 

• In 1920 Nielsen took a position at the Technical University of Breslau. The next year he published a paper in Mathematisk Tidsskrift in which he proved that any subgroup of a finitely generated free group is free.

• In 1926 Otto Schreier would generalize this result by removing the condition that the free group be finitely generated; this result is now known as the Nielsen–Schreier theorem.

In 1951 Nielsen became professor of mathematics at the University of Copenhagen, taking the position vacated by the death of "Harald Bohr"(the scientist after whom the element "bhor" is named). He resigned this position in 1955 because of his international undertakings, in particular with UNESCO, where he served on the executive board from 1952 to 1958.

THANK YOU FOR HAVING SEEN MY PRESENTATION! 

Håber du nød det!

Sweden is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It is bordered by Norway and Finland. It's population is around 9 million habitants and its capital is Stockholm.Sweden is famous for:

This is the Djurgårdsbron bridge.It was built for the Stockholm World 's Fair in 1897. It features four Nordic gods: Thor , Heimdall, Frigg and Freyja. It is one of Sweden's main tourist attractions.

This is the Kalmar Cathedral. It was constructed in the mid 1700s and is one of Europe's well preserved cathedrals.

These are Swedish knäckebröds (crisp bread) Contains rye flour and is very cheap and light weighted.

 

 This one's my personal favourite: Swedish Saffron Buns. It is a rich yeast-leavened sweet bun that is flavoured with saffron, cinnamon or or nutmeg.





This is Stockholm, Sweden's capital.








The mathematician i'm going  to present is Helge Von Koch. He was the first person to invent a fractal. It is a geometrically constructed figure in which any point will look the same even if zoomed to the infinite. Helge Von Koch made a snowflake fractal: it is now known as the Koch Snowflake.







This is how any side of the Koch snowflake looks when we keep on  zooming in.





This is the procedure to contruct the Koch snowflake.

 

España & Leonardo Torres Quevedo

About Spain

Spain is situated on the South West of Europe.

It has a total area of 505 992 km² and there are 47 190 493 people living there.

Its capital is Madrid.

Spain is a monarchy and its king is Juan Carlos I.

Spain is divided in 19 autonomous communities.

Spain is a very welcoming country. It is a warm country where you can meet very expressive people, where you can watch corridas, where you can eat tapas and where you can see some people dancing flamenco or sevillanas.




The actuality in Spain
Since de middle of the  20th century, many people are protesting because they want the independance of the Basque Country. Since 1959, an organisation called E.T.A. is composed of terrorists. In 44 years, this organisation has killed more than 800 persons and has comitted many other crimes.
Then, since this year, Catalonia has also been claiming for its independence. Because of the actual economic crisis and of its wealth, Catalonia doesn't want to be paying for whole Spain.

About Leonardo Torres Quevedo

Leonardo Torres Quevedo was born on December 28th in 1852.

He was a mathematician but he also was an engineer, a physician and an inventor.

He invented a machine called "analogue solving machine". It is used to solve algebraic equations, even the ones with eight terms, with a precision down to thousandths.

In 1895, he presented a report about his machine during a congress in Bordeaux.

In 1900, he presented another report about his machine at the Academy of Sciences in Paris.

In this time, it was an extraordinary success for Spanish scientific production.

In 1910, he invented another machine called "el ajedrecista" (which means "the chess player" in spanish) that can play chess all by itself, without any human intervention.

On December 18th in 1936, Leonardo Torres Quevedo died in Madrid during the civil war, ten days before his 84th birthday.

Hope you enjoyed !

Netherlands

Netherlands is situated in western central Europe. It is mainly a flat terrain. It has a population of about 16 million. There people speak Dutch and Frisian languages. Dutch people eat a lot of fish and use bikes a lot. Many things are famous in Netherlands, like windmills, tulips, cheese etc. Look at this colorful bird's eye view photo of a tulip terrain.

       Is that all?? Netherlands is also famous for its well-known mathematician , the dutch graphic artist  'Maurits Cornellis Escher'

Maurits Cornellis Escher

I would like to begin by saying that M.C Escher was a dutsch graphic artist. Mathematically inspired he is known for his impossible constructions or impossible realities.It is a type of optical illusion. When we say "optical illusion" we actually think of explorations of infinity and architecture. His ideas based on impossible constructions are impossible to build but really possible to draw, only by taking advantages on perspective and quirks of perceptions. 

Moreover, in his graphic art he portrayed mathematical relationships among : shapes, figures and shapes. More than a few of the worlds which he drew were built around impossible objects such as "The Necker Cube" and the "Penrose Triangle"

Escher's works around impossible realities

Still Life and Street (1947)

This is Escher's first print in impossible reality, in which two recognizable realities are bound together in a natural and completely impossible way !

The inspiration of this work is a small street in Savona in Italy . Escher was actually looking at the street and elaborated such a huge imagination!

 

Let 's take a look in his other own works... 

                                                             

Another world

Bolcony

Sky and Water (1938)

Evolution circle

Day and night

               

Shells and Sra fishes

                                           

Regular divisions of the plane

Eye

                                                              

 

Gopinath Sandhiya Lakshmi

Lëtzebeurg 

Motto: "Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn"  "We want to remain what we are"

About Luxembourg :

Luxembourg is  is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has a total area of 2,586.4 km² . The country is populated of 439,539 Luxembourger. It's a trilangual country: Luxembourgish, French and Germany are official languages.                                                                                           Luxembourg is one of the most developed countries, with an advanced economy.It's culture is a fusion of Italian and Germanic culture. 

Famous monument: Gëlle Fra is dedicated to the soldiers who died in battle during the two world wars, symbolizes peace and patriotism. 

As seen on the picture, it's a very beautilful  Roman Catholic Cathedral of Luxembourg City. 

About my Mathematician:

Jospeh Jean Baptiste Neuberg was in 1840.

He was Luxembourger mathematician. First, he begun his career as a temporary mathematics teacher after graduation.He worked particularly in the geometry of the triangle  and of the tetrahedron. He was also involved in the study of various algebraic surfaces, including the cyclide of Dupin, geometry of ruled surfaces. Neuberg was involved in a number of mathematical journals In the early part of his career he published papers in the "Nouvelles Correspondance de Mathématiques" on inscribed and circumscribed conics, as well as on the geometry of the triangle. He's best know journal is called "Mathesis" which was published in 1881. Unfortunetly, most of his work has disappeared during the first world war. 

In the same year of his death,in 1926, he was commemorated in the Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society.   

                                                                                                              Sivapriya

Hungary

HUNGARY



Geography: Officially called the Hungarian Republic, Hungary is a landlocked country, situated in Central Europe and surrounded by 7 other countries. It is divided into 19 counties and is about 5 times smaller than France with a total area of 93,030 km². Its capital is the largest city, which is Budapest. The land is populated of 10,086,000 Hungarians. The official language is Hungarian.

Government: Parliamentary democracy, since 1989, Hungary is part of the European Union since 2004. Although, it hasn’t changed its currency which is the “Hungarian Forint”. Hungary is a well developed country with a Human Development Index (HDI) of 0.816.

Culture: Hungary is a very touristic land: in fact in year there are more tourists than the total population!! The capital is the ninth most visited city in Europe. Goulash (soup made with noodles, meat and vegetables), Dobos cake and Tokaji wine are specialties of Hungarian cuisine

Interesting Facts: Famous inventions like the Rubik's cube, ballpoint pen and holography were invented by Hungarians. The House of Terror is a museum in Budapest which is a memorial of victims due to the dictatorial regimes.

Hungary is also famous for its world known mathematicians as John von Neumann.

John von Neumann (1903-1957) was a child prodigy: at the age of 6, he could divide two 8-digit numbers in his head; at the age of 15, he began to study advanced calculus; he got his PhD in mathematics when he was 22 year old, with minor doctorates in chemistry and physics. Basically he was a math professor, a chemist, a computer engineer, a physicist...etc.  He was appreciated by other scientists of his time: “The last of the great mathematicians"; “I have sometimes wondered whether a brain like von Neumann's does not indicate a species superior to that of man “.

Quantum mechanics

His works: John von Neumann was the first to propose a formula for the quantum mechanics: it is the study of the motion of subatomic particles. He founded the Game theory as a new mathematical discipline, used in politics, economics. It consists in minimizing (reducing) the maximum number of losses. He is also considered as the Father of the modern computer used nowadays: He invented the MANIAC, which is replaced today by the chip.

Facts: He won the Enrico Firmo Award in 1956 and the  Bôcher Memorial Prize in 1938; the crater von Neumann was named after him. 

Quote: There's no sense in being precise when you don't even know what you're talking about. -John von Neumann

ADY Canimozhi